Sunday, February 23, 2020

The Fourteenth Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Fourteenth Amendment - Essay Example For this reason, there were increasing inequalities in criminal proceedings between whites and blacks. The constitution had stated that one could only enjoy the fundamental rights if they belong to a particular state (Rife & Smith, 2006). The former slaves were not recognized as citizens of any state. There was a salient need for amending the constitution so that it could allow African-Americans gain citizenships in different states. Prior to the amendment, southern states practiced high levels of discrimination denying African-Americans an opportunity to enjoy their fundamental rights because of their race. The first section of the fourteenth amendment highlighted that states would no longer discriminate individuals based on race or ethnicity. The fourteenth amendment had positive changes in the United States because it allowed African Americans to be recognized as citizens through either birth or naturalization. Former slaves had the opportunity to become officially citizens of different states and be in a position to enjoy fundamental rights. Additionally, the fourteenth amendment served to nationalize the federal bill of rights by compelling each state to regard it highly. The ratification of the fourteenth amendment bill served as a milestone in the American history as the country would finally allow former slaves to be treated equally as the whites (p. 67). However, the amendment did not completely protect the rights of African Americans. In some states, African Americans were still viewed as lesser people.

Friday, February 7, 2020

Buffers and Buffer Capacity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buffers and Buffer Capacity - Essay Example Afar its buffering range, a buffer does not act to stabilize the pH of the solution (Phadungchewit, 13). Buffers are very essential to living organism. This is since most biochemical progressions occur only when the pH is within a narrow range. Excessive consumption or intake of H+ or OH- can constrain the system and action of several biomolecules, particularly proteins. Thus, buffers are generally used in living organisms to assist in the maintenance of a relatively stable pH. For instance in humans, buffers help to maintain the blood pH within a range of between 7.35 and 7.45. Buffer capacity is denoted ï  ¢ and as it increases, the ability to resist change in pH also increases (Yuwaree, 15). This is represented by the equation: ï  ¢ Is the buffer capacity (numerical indicator showing how the buffered solution resists the change in pH. If solution is well buffered ï  ¢ gets bigger, if poorly buffered it gets small. The (i) and (i+1) are the two successive data points in a pH titration. And finally V is the base volume. First, 100 mls of NaOH solution is prepared from o.1M of the available NaOH titrant. Secondly, HCl solution is prepared by the dilution of a 90.0 mM HCl solution present from the TA. Finally, the concentration of 3.0mM of citric acid solution is prepared by weighing out within a range of ï‚ ± 1% and dissolving in it an appropriate quantity of citric acid (Pohland, Frederick, 23). Calibrate a pH meter by use of pH7 along with 4 buffers. Put the solution of HCl and measure the value of pH during the stirring process. By use of a burette, add contents of 0.5ml increments of the NaOH titrant then make recordings of the pH and the volume of the base added. For the stable recording, we waited for few seconds for the pH meter in order to acquire most accurate results. We began by adding two drops of NaOH into Each of the acid beaker after observing abnormal increase in pH value. We stopped when the pH meter read (9.19). We repeated